In seven months of primary contests before Election Day, Republicans and Democrats waged internal fights over electability, ideological purity and, in the case of the G.O.P., loyalty to former President Donald J. Trump.
Circles show the number of incumbents by party in each state’s major races.
*Primaries for U.S. House seats in New York have been moved to Aug. 23 because of redistricting.
Note: Major races are defined as Senate, governor and competitive House races, according to The Cook Political Report.
Gov. Greg Abbott easily defeated two vocal primary opponents, and Beto O’Rourke, the former El Paso congressman and former presidential candidate, won the Democratic nomination. Ken Paxton, the scandal-plagued and Trump-endorsed attorney general, was forced into a May runoff with George P. Bush, the Texas land commissioner. Democratic congressional primaries will also go to runoffs in the 15th District — an open seat where the parties are pretty evenly matched — and in the 28th District, where Representative Henry Cuellar faces a progressive challenger, Jessica Cisneros, who narrowly lost to him in 2020.
Erin Houchin, a former state senator, rose to the top of a crowded Republican primary in the race for the state’s only open House seat, which is being vacated by Representative Trey Hollingsworth, a Republican who is retiring.
J.D. Vance, the “Hillbilly Elegy” author and venture capitalist, won the Republican primary for the state’s open Senate seat after an endorsement from former President Donald J. Trump. In November, Mr. Vance will face Tim Ryan, who won the Democratic nomination. In the state’s House primaries, notable victors included Max Miller, a former White House aide to Mr. Trump who won a G.O.P. race for a newly drawn district; Representative Shontel Brown, a Democrat who won a rematch against a progressive activist, Nina Turner; and J.R. Majewski, a Republican who has expressed fringe views on the QAnon conspiracy theory and the Capitol riot. Mr. Majewski will face Representative Marcy Kaptur, a longtime incumbent Democrat, in November.
Jim Pillen defeated a Trump-endorsed rival to secure the G.O.P. nomination in Nebraska’s primary for governor. He will face Carol Blood, a Democrat, in the fall. Democrats in Omaha nominated Tony Vargas, a state senator, to challenge Representative Don Bacon, a moderate Republican who is seeking his fourth term. The race to fill the seat vacated by former Representative Jeff Fortenberry, who resigned, will be between two state senators: Mike Flood, a Republican, and Patty Pansing Brooks, a Democrat.
Representative Alex Mooney, who was endorsed by former President Donald J. Trump, handily defeated a House colleague and fellow Republican, David McKinley, in his West Virginia primary.
Gov. Brad Little won his Republican primary, overcoming a challenge from his lieutenant governor, Janice McGeachin, who had the backing of former President Donald J. Trump.
Senator Rand Paul is up for re-election, and Charles Booker won the Democratic nomination in a long-shot bid to unseat him. Mr. Booker, a progressive, lost a closely watched primary campaign for Senate in 2020 to Amy McGrath, who went on to lose in the general election to Senator Mitch McConnell. Morgan McGarvey won the Democratic nomination in his bid to succeed Representative John Yarmuth, the only Democrat currently representing the state in Congress, who is retiring.
Senator Richard Burr, a Republican, is retiring, and the race to fill his seat will be one of the key races that determine control of the Senate. Representative Ted Budd, who was endorsed by former President Donald J. Trump, won his Republican primary and will face Cheri Beasley, a Democrat, this fall. If elected, Ms. Beasley would be the first Black woman to serve in the Senate from North Carolina
Representative Kurt Schrader, a long-serving moderate Democrat in the state’s Fifth District, lost his primary to Jamie McLeod-Skinner, a school board member who drew support from progressive groups and local Democratic officials. For governor, the November matchup will be between Tina Kotek, a Democrat, and Christine Drazan, a Republican, with Betsy Johnson, a former Democratic state senator, running as an unaffiliated candidate.
The celebrity physician Mehmet Oz won the state’s high-profile Senate Republican primary over a former hedge fund executive, David McCormick. He now heads to a fall matchup against Lt. Gov. John Fetterman, who won the Democratic nomination days after suffering a stroke. The governor’s race will be between Attorney General Josh Shapiro, a Democrat, and Doug Mastriano, a far-right Republican and a leading denier of the 2020 election results.
Katie Britt, a former chief of staff to Senator Richard Shelby, defeated Representative Mo Brooks in the runoff for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate. Former President Donald J. Trump withdrew his endorsement from Mr. Brooks before the May 24 primary and instead endorsed Ms. Britt before the runoff. Mr. Shelby is retiring from the seat after more than 30 years.
The races in this deep-red state were essentially decided in the Republican primaries. Sarah Huckabee Sanders, a former White House press secretary in the Trump administration, won the Republican nomination for governor. Senator John Boozman, a Republican, survived a primary challenge from his right.
Nowhere were there more primary contests to watch than in Georgia. Gov. Brian Kemp bested David Perdue, a Trump-backed challenger, in his Republican primary and will face Stacey Abrams in a November rematch. Brad Raffensperger, the Republican secretary of state who rejected the former president’s efforts to overturn the 2020 election, also beat his Trump-endorsed challenger, Representative Jody Hice. But a third Trump endorsee, Herschel Walker, won his Republican Senate primary and will face Senator Raphael Warnock this fall. At the House level, Representative Lucy McBath defeated a fellow congresswoman, Carolyn Bourdeaux, in a Democratic primary.
In the attorney general’s race, Ken Paxton, the ultraconservative, Trump-endorsed incumbent who is under indictment, fended off a challenge from George P. Bush. On the Democratic side, Rochelle Garza, a lawyer, beat out Joe Jaworski, a trial lawyer and former mayor. Representative Henry Cuellar, a moderate Democrat, defeated Jessica Cisneros, a progressive immigration lawyer, in a closely watched rematch.
The Democrats Rick Caruso, a billionaire developer, and Representative Karen Bass advanced to the general election in Los Angeles’ closely-watched mayoral election. About 60 percent of San Francisco voters approved a recall effort against Chesa Boudin, the city’s progressive district attorney. Several statewide offices and House races were also on the ballot.
Abby Finkenauer, a former U.S. House member, lost the state’s Democratic Senate primary to Michael Franken, a political newcomer and Navy veteran. Mr. Franken will challenge Charles E. Grassley, the longtime Republican senator, in November. And in the newly redrawn Third District, Republican voters picked State Senator Zach Nunn to take on Representative Cindy Axne, a two-term Democrat.
Two Republican congressmen were pushed into runoffs scheduled for June 28: Michael Guest, who will face Michael Cassidy, and Steven Palazzo, who will face Mike Ezell. Mr. Guest was one of 35 Republican members of Congress who voted in favor of creating a commission to investigate the Jan. 6 attack on the Capitol. Mr. Palazzo is the subject of an ethics investigation into his use of campaign funds to pay for improvements to a property he owned with his wife.
Montana gained a new congressional district after the census, doubling its delegation. Representative Matt Rosendale, a Republican who currently represents the whole state, won his party’s nomination in the Second Congressional District and is expected to face little challenge from Penny Ronning, his Democratic opponent, this fall. Ryan Zinke, the former secretary of the interior, won a narrow victory in the Republican primary for the First Congressional District.
Tom Kean Jr. beat six Republicans to win the nomination to compete against Representative Tom Malinowski, an embattled Democrat accused of ethical lapses, in the state’s Seventh Congressional District. Northern New Jersey voters will weigh in on a general election rematch between Representative Josh Gottheimer, a Democrat, and Frank Pallota, a Republican who lost to Mr. Gottheimer in 2020. And Robert J. Menendez, the son of Senator Bob Menendez, won the Democratic primary to replace Representative Albio Sires, who did not seek re-election in a heavily Democratic district.
Republicans picked Mark Ronchetti, a former television meteorologist, to challenge Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham, a Democrat. The state also has two competitive House races. Yvette Herrell, a freshman Republican, will defend her seat against Gabriel Velasquez, a progressive former city councilor for the city of Las Cruces. For the other seat, Teresa Leger Fernandez, the incumbent Democrat, will face Alexis Martinez Johnson, a Republican.
Representative Dusty Johnson fended off a challenge by State Representative Taffy Howard, who had attacked Mr. Johnson for voting to certify Joseph R. Biden Jr.’s victory in the 2020 presidential race. Gov. Kristi Noem and Senator John Thune, both Republicans, also beat primary challengers and are expected to win re-election this fall.
Representative Jared Golden is up for re-election in Trump-friendly territory in northern Maine. Mr. Golden is the only Democrat left in Congress who voted against impeaching former President Donald J. Trump. He faces a rematch against Bruce Poliquin, the Republican he ousted in 2018. Paul R. LePage, a Republican former governor, is running for his old job, hoping to oust Gov. Janet Mills, a Democrat.
Senator Catherine Cortez Masto, a Democrat, will face Adam Laxalt, the Republican former state attorney general who has the backing of both former President Donald J. Trump and Senator Mitch McConnell. Jim Marchant, a Trump-backed Republican who has sowed doubts about the 2020 election, won his primary for secretary of state. And in a state that President Biden won narrowly in 2020, Republicans picked Joseph Lombardo, a Trump-endorsed sheriff, who will try to oust Gov. Steve Sisolak, a Democrat.
Senator John Hoeven won his Republican primary as he seeks re-election for a third term, bolstered by a late-March endorsement from former President Donald J. Trump.
In Republican House primaries, one incumbent lost to a Trump-backed challenger while the other defeated hers: Tom Rice was ousted by Russell Fry, but Nancy Mace held off Katie Arrington. Gov. Henry McMaster is seeking re-election with former President Donald J. Trump’s endorsement, and is being challenged by Joe Cunningham, a Democrat.
Mayor Muriel E. Bowser, who would be only the second mayor in Washington’s history to serve three terms, won her Democratic primary. Brian Schwalb prevailed in the three-way Democratic primary for attorney general.
Glenn Youngkin’s successful bid for governor in 2021 jolted Virginia politics after years of Democratic dominance, energizing Republicans. Yesli Vega, a sheriff’s deputy on the Prince William County Board of Supervisors, won the G.O.P. primary to take on Representative Abigail Spanberger, an embattled Democrat in the Seventh Congressional District. Jen Kiggans, a state senator, picked up the G.O.P. nomination in the Second District and will face Representative Elaine Luria in what is also expected to be a highly contested race in the fall.
This blue-trending state has two key statewide races. One is for the U.S. Senate, where Michael Bennet, a Democrat, is seeking re-election to his third full term. He is facing Joe O’Dea, a construction company owner. The other marquee race is for governor: Jared Polis, a popular Democrat, is running for re-election against Heidi Ganahl, a Republican.
Gov. J.B. Pritzker, a Democrat, is the favorite to win re-election against Darren Bailey, a Republican who was endorsed by former President Donald J. Trump. Representative Sean Casten, a moderate Democrat, defeated a progressive House colleague, Representative Marie Newman, in a primary for the newly drawn Sixth Congressional District. And in a primary contest between two Republican House members, Representative Mary Miller, a 2020 election denier who has spoken admiringly of Adolf Hitler, defeated Representative Rodney Davis.
Representative Michael Guest, who supported a Jan. 6 investigation but voted to overturn the 2020 election results, won his G.O.P. runoff, but Representative Steven Palazzo, a Republican facing an ethics investigation, did not. Mike Ezell, the sheriff of Jackson County, advanced to the general election in the Fourth Congressional District.
Gov. Kathy Hochul won her Democratic primary and will face Representative Lee Zeldin of Long Island, who won the Republican nomination. Ms. Hochul’s running mate, Lt. Gov. Antonio Delgado, whom she appointed to the position in May, also won his Democratic primary.
Representative Markwayne Mullin won the runoff over T.W. Shannon, a former speaker of the Oklahoma House, in the Republican special primary for the Senate seat being vacated by James M. Inhofe, who is retiring. The winner of the special election, which will take place in November, will hold the seat until January 2027. Senator James Lankford, a Republican, is seeking re-election this fall, as is Gov. Kevin Stitt, who was endorsed by former President Donald J. Trump. Mr. Stitt will face Joy Hofmeister, the state’s superintendent, who switched her party registration from Republican to Democrat in order to challenge Mr. Stitt.
Senator Mike Lee defeated Becky Edwards, a former state lawmaker, and Ally Isom, a business and community leader, in the state’s Republican primary and will face a handful of third-party challengers this fall.
With the Republican governor, Larry Hogan, reaching his term limit, Democrats are clamoring to take back the office. Wes Moore, a celebrity author and former nonprofit executive who campaigned as a political outsider, won the Democratic nomination and will face Dan Cox, a Trump loyalist and 2020 election denier who defeated Kelly Schulz, a political protégé of Mr. Hogan, in the Republican primary.
Kari Lake, who ran on false claims of a stolen 2020 election, won the G.O.P. nomination in Arizona’s primary for governor. Ms. Lake, who was endorsed by former President Donald J. Trump, will face Katie Hobbs, the Democratic secretary of state, in the general election. Senator Mark Kelly, a Democrat, is in a fierce fall contest against Blake Masters to retain the seat he just won in 2020. And Republicans nominated Mark Finchem, a vocal promoter of election conspiracy theories, for secretary of state.
Voters resoundingly rejected a constitutional amendment that would have allowed lawmakers to restrict or ban abortion. Gov. Laura Kelly, a Democrat who won an upset victory in 2018, is running for re-election in a more challenging environment, against Derek Schmidt, the state attorney general endorsed by former President Donald J. Trump.
Few candidates draw the ire of the Republican base like Gov. Gretchen Whitmer, a Democrat, who is running for re-election against Tudor Dixon, a conservative commentator. Representative Peter Meijer, one of the 10 House Republicans who voted to impeach Mr. Trump, lost to a Trump-backed challenger, John Gibbs, in his primary. This fall, the Democratic secretary of state, Jocelyn Benson, and Attorney General Dana Nessel will face two far-right candidates: Kristina Karamo and Matthew DePerno, respectively.
Attorney General Eric Schmitt won the Republican nomination for Senate — beating 20 other Republicans, including the scandal-plagued former Gov. Eric Greitens — and is likely to coast to victory in November to replace Senator Roy Blunt, who is retiring.
Two of the 10 House Republicans who voted to impeach former President Donald J. Trump were seeking re-election in Washington: Dan Newhouse and Jaime Herrera Beutler. Mr. Newhouse beat back multiple right-wing primary challengers and will face Doug White, a Democratic businessman, in November. Ms. Herrera Beutler conceded her primary after a week of vote-counting. Marie Perez, a Democrat, and Joe Kent, a Republican endorsed by Mr. Trump, were the winners.
Andy Ogles, a conservative activist and mayor of Maury County, Tenn., won the Republican primary race for the Fifth Congressional District. Redistricting has diluted Democrats’ power in this Nashville-area district, making it more favorable for Republicans. Jason Martin, a Nashville physician, secured the Democratic nomination in the primary for governor. Mr. Martin will challenge Gov. Bill Lee, a Republican who is seeking a second term.
There’s a rematch in the governor’s race between Bob Stefanowski, a Republican, and Gov. Ned Lamont, the Democrat who narrowly defeated Mr. Stefanowski in 2018. Leora Levy, who was endorsed by former President Donald J. Trump, will challenge Senator Richard Blumenthal, the Democrat who has represented the state since 2011.
Republicans picked Scott Jensen, a physician and a former state senator who has cast doubt on coronavirus mitigation efforts and vaccines, to challenge Gov. Tim Walz, a Democrat seeking his second term. Brad Finstad, a Republican, won a special election to fill the seat of Representative Jim Hagedorn, who died in February. Mr. Finstad will now face a November rematch against Jeff Ettinger, a Democrat, as he seeks a full term.
Peter Welch, the state’s only House member, won his primary for the Democratic nomination to replace Patrick Leahy, who is retiring. Democrats picked Becca Balint for Mr. Welch’s current seat. She is expected to win in the general election and, if she does, would become the state’s first female member of Congress. Gov. Phil Scott, a Republican, is expected to cruise to re-election.
Republicans chose Tim Michels, who was endorsed by former President Donald J. Trump, to challenge Gov. Tony Evers. Lt. Gov. Mandela Barnes won the Democratic primary for Senate and will face Senator Ron Johnson. Robin Vos, the powerful speaker of the Wisconsin Assembly, narrowly defeated Adam Steen, a Trump-endorsed primary challenger.
Lt. Gov. Josh Green beat six other candidates in the Democratic primary for governor, positioning himself to win in November in this deep-blue state when he faces the Republican nominee, Duke Aiona. Jill Tokuda, a former state senator, advanced in the Democratic primary for the seat being vacated by Representative Kai Kahele, who opted to run for governor but lost. She will face Joe Akana, a Republican.
In the races to fill the seat of Representative Don Young, who died in March, Mary Peltola, a Democrat, won a special election and will serve the remainder of his term. For the full term, voters in November will rank their choices from the top four finishers of the regular primary, which was held Aug. 16. Ms. Peltola finished ahead of former Gov. Sarah Palin in that primary, followed by Nicholas Begich III. In the Senate race, Senator Lisa Murkowski and Kelly Tshibaka, her Trump-backed challenger, advanced in the state’s primary and will face off again in November.
In the country’s highest-profile House primary, Representative Liz Cheney was trounced by Harriet Hageman, a Republican activist whose challenge was fueled by former President Donald J. Trump's endorsement. Ms. Cheney, the vice chairwoman of the committee investigating the Jan. 6 Capitol attack, was among the 10 House Republicans who voted to impeach Mr. Trump last year.
Representative Charlie Crist defeated Nikki Fried, the state agriculture commissioner, for the Democratic nomination to challenge Gov. Ron DeSantis, a Republican who is widely believed to harbor White House ambitions. Representative Val Demings will be the Democratic nominee against Senator Marco Rubio. Both Republican candidates have an advantage in their state, which has been shifting to the right.
Several prominent Democrats faced off in rare intraparty House primaries in and around New York City after the state’s redistricting went awry. Jerrold Nadler defeated Carolyn Maloney, a fellow septuagenarian committee chair, in Manhattan, and Sean Patrick Maloney, the chairman of the House Democratic campaign arm, beat back a progressive challenger in a suburban district. Daniel Goldman, a moderate Democrat, won a crowded primary for an open seat covering parts of Manhattan and Brooklyn. On the Republican side, the head of the state Republican Party, Nick Langworthy, won a contest for a House seat in western New York. And in a special election, a Democrat, Pat Ryan, won a Hudson Valley swing seat in which abortion was a big issue.
With Gov. Charlie Baker, a moderate Republican, declining to run for re-election, the office is a prime pickup opportunity for Democrats in one of the nation’s most liberal states. Maura Healey, the state attorney general, secured the Democratic nomination. She will face Geoff Diehl, a former state lawmaker endorsed by former President Donald J. Trump. If Ms. Healey wins in November, she would be the first woman to be elected governor in the state.
Delaware’s Republican Party formally backed Lee Murphy in the race for the state’s only House seat. Mr. Murphy faces a rematch in November with Representative Lisa Blunt Rochester, a Democrat he lost against in 2020. In the Democratic primary for state auditor, Lydia York, a lawyer and former corporate accountant, defeated the incumbent, Kathleen K. McGuiness, who had been convicted of misdemeanors in a misconduct case.
In a key Senate race, Maggie Hassan, a Democrat, will face Don Bolduc, a retired Army general who has embraced former President Donald J. Trump’s lies about the 2020 election. Karoline Leavitt, a former Trump administration press aide, will challenge Representative Chris Pappas in the First Congressional District. Robert Burns, another candidate aligned with Mr. Trump, will take on Representative Ann McLane Kuster in the Second District.
Seth Magaziner, the state’s general treasurer, is the Democratic nominee to replace Representative Jim Langevin, a Democrat who is retiring. He topped a six-candidate field and will face former Mayor Allan Fung of Cranston in November. Gov. Daniel McKee won a tight Democratic primary and will face Ashley Kalus, a Republican businesswoman.
The state’s open Senate primary will feature several Democrats challenging the incumbent, John N. Kennedy, a Republican. If no single candidate wins a majority of votes on Election Day, the top two vote-getters will move to a runoff in December.
Update: Sept. 1, 2022
Alaska description updated.
Update: Aug. 25, 2022
Alabama and Oklahoma descriptions updated.
Update: Aug. 24, 2022
Florida and New York descriptions updated.
Update: Aug. 16, 2022
New Hampshire description updated.
Update: Aug. 9, 2022
Delaware, Louisiana and Rhode Island descriptions updated.
Update: Aug. 3, 2022
Florida, Vermont and Wisconsin descriptions updated.
Update: July 27, 2022
Connecticut description updated.
Update: June 29, 2022
Kansas, Missouri, Minnesota and Massachusetts descriptions updated.
Update: June 16, 2022
D.C. primaries added. New York congressional primaries added to Aug. 23.
Sources: The Cook Political Report (race ratings), Ballotpedia
Reporting was contributed by J. David Goodman, Astead W. Herndon, Maggie Astor, Nick Corasaniti, Trip Gabriel, Reid J. Epstein, Shawn Hubler, Katie Glueck, Alyce McFadden, Jennifer Medina, Leah Askarinam, Blake Hounshell, Patricia Mazzei and Nicholas Fandos. Additional work by Josh Williams.